Economic growth has been volatile in the first half of 2019, due to pre-Brexit stockpiling and a surge in gold bullion pushing up imports growth. However, further ahead the Confederation of British Industry expects the UK economy to grow at a modest pace.

The business group now predicts GDP growth of 1.4% in 2019 and 1.5% in 2020. The forecasts are based on an orderly Brexit deal being ratified by October 2019, and the commencement of a smooth transition period thereafter.

CBI principal economist Alpesh Paleja said: “One-off boosts to Q1 growth – notably the pre-Brexit stockpiling bonanza – are set to unwind in the next quarter, when we expect the economy to flatline. But beyond this, it’s largely more of the same: we expect modest underlying growth, similar to that seen over the past year. “

A key driver of this growth is household spending (which grows by 1.7% in both 2019 and 2020), underpinned by a recent pick-up in real earnings. The CBI anticipates living standards to remain reasonably firm over its forecast, giving impetus to household spending. However, growth is likely to remain below the average of recent years, as the ongoing weakness in productivity holds back earnings, partially offsetting the upward pressure on wages from a tight labour market.

In contrast, Brexit uncertainty continues to bite hard on business investment, which remains very weak for this stage of the economic cycle. The CBI expects business investment to fall for much of the rest of this year (-1.3% in 2019, 0.9% in 2020). However, under its forecast assumption that a Brexit deal is ratified, firms are expected to gradually resume capital spending projects, in particular on new technology such as artificial intelligence and automation. Nonetheless, growth in business investment is expected to remain modest, weighed upon by uncertainty around the end state of the UK-EU relationship.

CBI chief economist Rain Newton-Smith said: “Looking through the volatility in growth over the last six months, our view of modest economic momentum ahead is largely unchanged.

“However, there is a lot going on underneath the surface and the make-up of growth in our forecast is more skewed towards consumers. It’s certainly positive that household spending has more punch, thanks to an improvement in living standards. But, set against this, Brexit uncertainty is crippling business investment, which we expect to fall at the fastest pace since the financial crisis this year. It’s crystal clear that without a Brexit deal by October, we’re at risk of falling further behind our G7 competitors.

“Our forecast represents what could be in the event of an orderly Brexit – a decent foundation upon which we can take the reins and re-focus on vital domestic priorities that have been neglected. For example, pressing ahead with essential infrastructure projects such as HS2 and Heathrow expansion will enable the UK to better connect with and enter new global markets. These priorities will shift down the list in a no deal scenario, against the backdrop of damage to the UK economy, jobs and livelihoods.”

Meanwhile, global growth is expected to be slower this year – although will remain “relatively decent”, according to the CBI. The global economy is forecast to grow by 3% in 2019 and 3.5% in 2020 (in purchasing power parity terms). However, the global backdrop has been hit by weaker world trade recently, in part due to the bilateral tariffs imposed between the US and China. As a result, the CBI expects slower UK export growth ahead.  Coupled with the surge in imports in Q1, this means that no support to the economy is expected from net trade over the course of CBI’s forecast.

The Bank of England continues to signal a gradual tightening in monetary policy ahead. While Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation is around target at present, the Bank has its eye on growing domestic cost pressures, and the subsequent upward pressure on inflation over the medium-term. Brexit uncertainty is likely to keep the Monetary Policy Committee in check this year, but the CBI expects two rate rises in 2020, of 25 basis points each.

Looking ahead, a “no deal” Brexit remains the biggest risk to the outlook, through its damaging impact on activity, sentiment and financial markets.

CBI principal economist Alpesh Paleja added: “The impact of Brexit uncertainty rightly gets a lot of airtime. However, we must not lose sight of the other challenges facing the economy: particularly the persistent weakness in productivity, which remains the main threat to living standards and potential growth. Fixing this should remain a focus for both government and business – for example, by enabling more effective adoption of new technologies.

“It’s worth noting that the global backdrop is also looking less benign, particularly with US-China trade tensions now hitting world trade flows. A further escalation is a key risk to the UK and, were it to follow a no deal Brexit, would leave the economy even worse off.”